Valves variations
Valves vary widely in form and application. Sizes typically range from 0.1 mm to 60 cm. Special valves can have a diameter exceeding 5 meters.
Valve costs range from simple inexpensive disposable valves to specialized valves which cost thousands of US dollars per inch of the diameter of the valve.
Disposable valves may be found in common household items including mini-pump dispensers and aerosol cans.
A common use of the term valve refers to the poppet valves found in the vast majority of modern internal combustion engines such as those in most fossil fuel powered vehicles which are used to control the intake of the fuel-air mixture and allow exhaust gas venting.
Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve
Wikipedia about piping union
A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. While a coupling would require either solvent welding, soldering or being able to rotate with all the pipes adjacent as with a threaded coupling, a union provides a simple transition, allowing easy connection or disconnection at any future time. A standard union pipe is made in three parts consisting of a nut, a female end, and a male end. When the female and male ends are joined, the nut then provides the necessary pressure to seal the joint. Since the mating ends of the union are interchangeable, changing of a valve or other device can be achieved with a minimum loss of time. Pipe unions are essentially a type of flange connector, as discussed further below.
In addition to standard, simple unions, other types of union exist:
Dielectric unions are unions with dielectric insulation, used to separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and galvanized steel) to avoid the damaging effects of galvanic corrosion. When two dissimilar metals are in contact with an electrically conductive solution (even tap water is conductive), they will form a battery and generate a voltage by electrolysis. When the two metals are in direct contact with each other, the electric current from one metal to the other will cause a movement of ions from one to the other, dissolving one metal and depositing it on the other. A dielectric union breaks the electric current path with a plastic liner between two halves of the union, thus limiting galvanic corrosion.
Rotary unions are unions that allow for rotation of one of the united parts.
Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting
Rectifying minor faults hydraulic faults
Malfunctions related to the plumbing is a real nightmare for the residents of the building. There are often such failures, which for a long time to hinder the normal functioning and cause many other problems, but some of them are too small and can be quickly repaired. It is important, however, that even the smallest failure to call the appropriate professionals, because even if something on the surface it seems to us trivial, inadequately repaired, can result in a much higher failure and pretty large problems. Repair small defects do not pay much, and good specialist will deal with it quickly and professionally. It is so much simpler, cheaper and better solution than self-repair.